Interpersonal and Mass Communication Relationships (2) Watches

Kinds of Mass MediaSome mass media are international in scope, some are national, and some are segmented, addressing specialized audiences. A few form an elite of opinion leaders. The electronic media may be independently owned and unaffiliated, part of a group with common ownership, affiliated with the Replica Cartier Watches() networks, or owned and operated by the net-works. Newspapers may be independently IWC Watches owned or may be parts of chains or media conglomerates. Finally, each medium has unique qualities because of its technology, its structure, and its function.International MediaA medium is international if it regularly and predictably carries its messages across Watches national boundaries. The International Herald Tribune, for example, is an international newspaper available throughout Europe De Witt Watches as well as in the United States.Broadcast signals don't recognize national boundaries. Increasingly, what was national broadcasting is becoming international as satellites make it available to people in different countries and time zones. In summer 1989, the Cable News Network (CNN) signed a five-year agreement with the Soviet Union that enabled CNN to transmit its 24-hour-a-day news on the Soviet satellite Intersputnik to the Indian subcontinent as well as to Southeast Asia and Africa. Because CNN was already carried on Pan Am Sat to Central and South America and to Europe and the Far East on Intelsat, this meant that CNN International was beamed to most of the countries on earth. Specifically, the service was available in eighty-five foreign countries and the United States. The first subscribers to the service were international hotels.8 Cable systems in the Baltic Republics, the Ukraine, and Uzbekistan also picked up the news service. Currently CNN International broadcasts to three regional centers—Asia/Pacific, Europe/Middle East/ Africa, and Latin America/United States—with a total subscriber base of nearly 150 million households. Despite initial criticisms that its programming was too dependent upon its American sibling, CNN, today CNN International produces more than 90 percent of its programming independently.The fall of the Berlin Wall in autumn 1989 offered other prospects for transnational broadcasting. In late 1989, the 24-hour-a-day music channel, MTV Europe (now solely owned by Viacom, but then a partnership of the Mirror Group of Newspapers, Viacom International, and British Telecommunications), reached 10.8 million European homes. The channel began exploring the possibility of bringing its service to Eastern Europe with the fall of the Wall. In March 1989, MTV Omega Seamaster Replica() Europe moved into Hungary, where it reached 112,484 households. People who owned satellite dishes could receive MTV Europe in Poland Replica Baume & Mercier Watches and in what was then Czechoslovakia.By 1994, MTV Europe had become one of the most successful cable networks in Europe, with over 60 million subscribers, more than in the United States. Its biggest market in Europe was Germany, where it was received in more than 18 million house-holds. Viacom had also introduced its Nickelodeon network across Europe in partner-ship with British Sky Broadcasting, the satellite television company half-owned by Rupert Murdoch.